“I think the EU will need to move significantly on both those key points because they’re points of principle.” (Dominic Raab, UK Foreign Secretary, speaking on the BBC this morning)
The Brexit negotiation, despite its dizzying stakes, has triggered a fair amount of wry humour. I’ve poked gentle fun at the protagonists myself: Brexit Irritators: Davis and Barnier on Negotiation; The Brexit Negotiation: More Irritators. But today isn’t funny at all, my stomach tightening at the thought of the chaos and recrimination to come. The trigger? The dread phrase ‘point of principle.’
Dismay
Of course there is nothing wrong with principle, at least in principle. It’s usually a compliment to say someone is a person of principle, though with perhaps a whiff of stubbornness. Most mediators, however, develop a learned response of dismay on hearing the words ‘point of principle.’ It tends to spell impasse, intransigence and, at times, a downward spiral of mutual misunderstanding.
While I knew this subjectively, I was surprised to find confirmation in my research. I interviewed a sample of mediation clients to find out the thinking behind their settlements. Why did they settle? And did they regard it as fair? (1)
When I came to analyse the interview transcripts I noticed a sub-theme cropping up under fairness and justice: point of principle. These were statements that either used those exact words or conveyed a similar meaning. For example:
‘somehow the thought that a company that treats people like that is called to account – kinda put to inconvenience’;
‘at that point, it became principled… I thought no, you know what, you’re not getting away with it, I’m not walking away from this’; ,
‘it was a Phyrric victory in a way but I think I’m a person that… point of principle, I’m afraid… that was just like a red rag to a bull.’
Insult
These responses illustrate something crucial but overlooked about the point of principle. It has little to do with principles and everything to do with the behaviour of the other side. For almost all the people I interviewed, the phrase or sentiment was a proxy for saying ‘I have been insulted.’ Most cited negotiation moves, before or during the mediation, that diminished trust and raised the temperature. Particularly negative were threats, intransigence, going back on one’s word and unilateral action.
The perceived insult became a more significant driver of their actions than economic rationality or convenience. Beersma et al (2) found that insults tended to trigger greater conflict, more negative emotions and the use of distributive rather than integrative bargaining. Bleiker et all describe insults as ‘a challenge to an individual’s very existence, including their integrity as a social being’; fighting back helps to reclaim a sense of ‘sociality and harmony’ (3).
What did we do to offend you?
I can’t guess what is inside the minds of the Brexit negotiators. They have enormous responsibility and complex constituencies. I imagine it is supremely tricky to separate out their own responses from those of the people they speak for.
Another irony of negotiation is that we tend to know much more about our own perspective than the other side’s. Living in the UK we are pretty clear about the EU’s perceived insults, as far as our government sees it. Dominic Raab expanded:
‘What we’re not going to do is sacrifice the most basic points of democratic principle, whether it’s being the only country in the world that’s an independent coastal state without the control of our fisheries, or allowing control by the EU over our laws when we’ve left, and the whole point of leaving the EU was to have democratic control. No other country would accept that, nor would the EU in relation to its dealings with third countries… .
Sounds pretty straightforward, doesn’t it? Well, no. I picked up some clues about the opposite perspective from Katia Adler, the BBC’s European Editor. She quoted an anonymous European insider:
‘So, they want to blackmail us by breaking international laws and an agreement that we signed less than a year ago, and then they remove the offending clauses but hold it over our head in case we don’t do what they want, and we should say thank you?’
Is there a way forward?
By this late stage in a negotiation, from a mediator standpoint, the appearance of the point of principle is bad news indeed. If Dominic Raab had simply announced: ‘We have been deeply insulted by the European Union’ we would at least know where we stand. As I learned from my small claimants, once they perceive an insult, economic and rational considerations play little part. What comes next is more about punishing the other than preserving their own wellbeing.
Despite all this it seems too early to give up. Mediators know that it isn’t over until it’s over – and beyond. A good proportion of mediations end in impasse yet settle in the aftermath. Perhaps failure helps people look into the abyss and wonder if the price for their point of principle is worth paying. I end with very simple advice from an English solicitor: ‘The general rule of thumb on ‘points of principle’ is that they are very, very, expensive.’ (4) My fingers are crossed that the in the next few days some of the protagonists will offer each other face saving ways out of this unhappy tunnel.
FOOTNOTES
1) C Irvine (2020) What do lay people know about justice? An empirical enquiry. International Journal of Law in Context 16 (2) pp. 146-164.
2) B Beersma, F Harinck & M Gerts, 2003. Bound in Honor: How Honor Values and Insults Affect the Experience and Management of Conflicts. International Journal of Conflict Management 14 (2) pp. 75–94.
3) R Bleiker, T Ganley, L Murphy & S Harris, 2003. Mediation, Power, and Cultural Difference. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20 (3) pp. 287–306, p. 291.
4) K Zikking, 2019. Points of Principle – Choose carefully, very carefully. Harbour Family Law.
________________________
To make sure you do not miss out on regular updates from the Kluwer Mediation Blog, please subscribe here.
Keen observation. Hopefully, wise thought will prevail over “principled” thought.
Decades ago, I learned from Jack Smyth, one of Australia’s top QCs, “there’s no such thing as a man of principle, unless you spell it “pal”.
As ever, thoughtful and thought-provoking Charlie. It is such a pity that neither side seems to have negotiation coaches to help them steer through this tricky situation – or even a mediator! This cries out for the kind of impartial help we know can make a difference. How to help those stuck on points of principle to save face? I am hoping that, by ramping things up, each side has given itself and the other something to back down on – perhaps over dinner a very sophisticated plan was worked out: “let’s make it look like we are going to go over the precipice, really worry everybody, so that when we pull back, everyone is so relieved that they don’t realise we’ve agreed to what was unacceptable two weeks ago……” Now, do I see a pig overhead?
Thanks John. My fingers are crossed, but not with great optimism. However, I’m deriving some comfort from the thought that this negotiation can never really be ‘over’. Maybe in a year’s time one of our leaders will have the startling idea of negotiating a trade deal with the world’s largest trading block and our nearest neighbours.